![]() Certain trace elements regulate crucial biological processes by binding to the receptor site of the cell membrane or by changing the shape of the receptor to prevent entry of particular molecules into the cell. Minerals and trace elements are essential for many biochemical reactions, present as stabilizing components of enzymes and proteins and function as cofactors for many enzymes. These elements are particularly beneficial for physiological functions. Minerals and trace elements are essential micronutrients required for the normal functioning of the body. Changes in these micronutrient levels in the serum and urine of subjects may indicate the trajectory toward metabolic changes, oxidative stress and provide disease-relevant information. This review comprises various randomized controlled trials, cohort and case-controlled studies, and observational and laboratory-based studies with substantial outcomes of micronutrient deficiencies on diabetes and insulin resistance in diverse racial inhabitants from parts of Asia, Africa, and North America. The most extensive problems affecting one billion people or more worldwide are associated with inadequate supply of a number of minerals and trace elements including iodine, selenium, zinc, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, boron and magnesium. These overall deficiencies and, in a few cases, excess of essential trace elements may lead to imbalances in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Local differences in selenium, zinc, copper, iron, chromium and iodine in the diet occur in both developed and developing countries, largely due to malnutrition and dependence on indigenous nutrition. In several Asian countries, large proportions of the population are affected by a number of micronutrient deficiencies. ![]() The levels of trace elements vary considerably among different populations, contingent on the composition of the diet. This review article is focused on some of these minerals and trace element deficiencies and their consequences in diabetes and insulin resistance. Deficiencies in these micronutrients are related to widespread human health problems. Nonetheless, they exhibit well-defined biochemical functions. Minerals and trace elements are micronutrients that are essential to the human body but present only in traceable amounts.
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